The history of disaster nursing: from Nightingale to nursing in the 21st century.

Background: Nurses have a rich history in performing their duty both domestically and internationally in response to a disaster. Comprising the largest proportion of the healthcare workforce, nurses possess a unique opportunity to inform disaster planning and management. With the ongoing threat from COVID-19 and continuing conflict, humanitarian aid needs, epidemics and natural disasters; the capacity of nurses to continue to respond in times of global need is unparalleled. Aims: The aim of this paper is to explore the developments in the field of disaster nursing. Mapping key changes in policy, practice and outcomes. Methods: A qualitative interpretive historical review was conducted to examine core developments in the history of disaster nursing, examining key organisations (e.g. World Health Organization, International Council of Nurses), national and international policies and historical accounts. Results: 29 articles were analysed, and politics, strategic perspectives and nursing identity ('sense of duty' and roles) emerged from the literature. The influence of professionalisation and public health/health promotion emerged next. A total of 10 articles refer to disaster nursing specifically, of which 4 of these are reports/policy. Conclusions: Nurses have spent centuries building the trust and legitimacy of the profession. Disaster nursing goes beyond the expectations of a registered nurse. The responsibilities of a disaster nurse encompass wider community health promotion, critical decision-making beyond the individual patient, resilience and ethical challenges. Whilst significant advancements have emerged in the last 30 years, further research, and representation of the profession at a strategic and political level could enhance the effectiveness of nurses' roles in the 4 phases of disaster response: mitigation, preparation, response and recovery.

International Nurses Day: Nurses can change the world, given the investment and support they deserve.

Every year on International Nurses Day (IND), the International Council of Nurses (ICN) releases a report with resources that can be used by nurses around the world. This year's report responds to the World Health Organization's (WHO) latest strategy for nursing and midwifery, and the findings of the State of the World's Nursing report. In this article, ICN Chief Executive Officer Howard Catton describes the main points of the IND report and recommends that nurses everywhere read it, alongside the WHO strategy, and use that information to increase their knowledge of the global nursing workforce and influence global healthcare policy. It is a toolkit that can assist nurses, other healthcare providers, governments and international organisations to turn global strategy into meaningful local action and improved clinical practice on the ground.

[Effectiveness of Nursing Leadership Training Programs: Mixed-Methods Research].

BACKGROUND: Taiwan Nurses Association (TWNA) has recommended nursing leader applicants to the International Council of Nurses (ICN) Global Nursing Leadership Institute since 2009, held the Nightingale Nursing Leadership Institute Training Program since 2011, and co-hosted the ICN Leadership for Change Program with ICN since 2015. The TWNA actively cultivates nursing leaders with vision and an international perspective. PURPOSE: To investigate the professional efficacy of nursing leaders who had attended these leadership training programs. METHODS: A mixed-methods research design was adopted. One hundred and sixty-seven nursing leaders who had attended at least one of the three leadership training programs were enrolled as participants. Data collected from online surveys were used in the quantitative analysis. Data collected from the content analysis of achievement reports and focus groups were used in the qualitative analysis. RESULTS: Diligence in work and listening were the highest-scoring items in the leadership and communication skills categories for the three leadership training programs. The results of the content analysis found that the achievement reports of the Nightingale Nursing Leadership Institute and Leadership for Change programs were mostly concerned with the professional issues in organizations. The impact of leadership training and suggestions for future program planning were discussed in the focus groups. CONCLUSIONS / IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE: The results of this study support that these training programs have been successful in promoting a commitment to organizational improvement among program participants and have increased the professional impact of nursing on society.

International Council of Nurses President Annette Kennedy reflects on her 4-year tenure as president.

Annette Kennedy's four year term as President of the International Council of Nurses ended during the organisation's virtual Congress in November. Here she writes about her time in office and the state of the world's nursing after 2 years of the pandemic. She acknowledges the strains that COVID-19 has put on nursing but affirms that nurses and nursing have come through the pandemic as a stronger, more influential and more cohesive profession.

International Council of Nurses representing nursing at the World Health Organization: COVID-19, policy and holding politicians to account.

The International Council of Nurses is in a unique position to represent nurses at the World Health Organization, and its task has never been more urgent than this year. Amid the global COVID-19 pandemic, the death rates of nurses and other health care workers are truly shocking, with around 115 000 deaths. However, many countries do not collect statistics on health and care workers' deaths and infections from COVID-19, so the full extent of this awful situation is not known. At this year's World Health Assembly, the body that sets the World Health Organization's agenda for the following year, the International Council of Nurses' 50-strong delegation voiced the concerns of nurses and ensured that the views and advice of nurses were heard by the World Health Organization's 194 member states' delegates. Here, the International Council of Nurses' Chief Executive Officer Howard Catton describes how the Council is influencing health and care policy worldwide. He urges nurses everywhere to hold their politicians to account.

Empoderamiento del rol sociopolítico de enfermeras y enfermeros / Empowerment nurses's sociopolitical role

El empoderamiento del rol sociopolítico plantea grandes desafíos al profesional de enfermería, como ciudadanos comprometidos con las personas, familias y comunidades, considerando los requerimientos del escenario socio-sanitario actual. Para asumir este rol en propiedad se deben superar limitaciones tanto internas, como externas. El objetivo de esta reflexión es conceptualizar el rol sociopolítico de enfermeras/os e identificar las posibles barreras existentes para asumir dicho rol. Finalmente, se realizará una propuesta para configurar y potenciar una nueva enfermería que evidencie autonomía y liderazgo para contribuir a la formulación de políticas sanitarias, que dé cuenta de los desafíos planteados por el actual escenario socio-sanitario.

The empowerment of the socio-political role poses great challenges to the nursing professional, as citizens committed to people, families and communities, considering the requirements of socio-sanitary context. To assume this role in property, both internal and external limitations. The objective of this reflection is to dimension the sociopolitical role of nurses and identify the possible barriers. Finally, a proposal will be made to configure and promote a new nursing that shows autonomy and leadership to contribute to the health politics, showing the necessary changes of socio-sanitary context.

The International Council of Nurses in the time of the COVID-19 pandemic.

International Council of Nurses President Annette Kennedy reviews the organization's contribution to nursing during the COVID-19 pandemic. She describes the Council's efforts to support nurses around the world and bring its National Nursing Associations together to share their experiences and best practices, and the lessons learned with other nations who are at different stages of the pandemic.

Nursing now: 2020, año internacional de la enfermería y la partería / Nursing Now: 2020, international year of the nurse and the midwife

This year is particularly important for our trade, because it was designated by the World Health Assembly as: "2020 International Year of Nursing and Midwifery Personnel" on the occasion of the Bicentennial of the birth of Florence Nightingale (1820-2020). As a whole, the Nursing Now campaign seeks to encourage investment in academic training, professional development and improvement in employment conditions for nurses, as well as their active participation in health policies. The report on the "Situation of Nursing in the World, 2020" evidenced what was known in many countries: staff shortages, poor working conditions, insufficient support for education, and limited incentives for professional development. They are deficiencies that constitute a historical debt, but this is the time to act and implement improvement actions. These are not the only events of great relevance, as this year the COVID19 pandemic has become a global challenge for nursing professionals. It is a requirement never seen before in the care units and has demonstrated­once again­the strength of our trade.

Este año es en particular importante para nuestro gremio debido a que fue designado por la Asamblea Mundial de la Salud como: "2020, Año Internacional del Personal de Enfermería y Partería" con motivo del bicentenario del nacimiento de Florence Nightingale (1820-2020). En conjunto, la campaña Nursing Now busca favorecer la inversión para la formación académica, el desarrollo profesional y la mejora de las condiciones del empleo para las enfermeras, así como su participación activa en las políticas de salud. El informe sobre la "Situación de la enfermería en el mundo, 2020" evidenció lo que en muchos países se conocía: déficit de personal, condiciones laborales deficientes, insuficiente apoyo para la educación e incentivos limitados para el desarrollo profesional. Son deficiencias que constituyen una deuda histórica, pero éste es el momento para actuar e implementar acciones de mejora. Éstos no son los únicos acontecimientos de gran relevancia, dado que este año la pandemia del COVID19 se ha convertido en un desafío mundial para los profesionales de la enfermería. Constituyendo una exigencia nunca vista en las unidades de atención y ha demostrado -una vez más- la fortaleza de nuestro gremio.

Global nursing leadership: alive and kicking in the midst of the COVID-19 pandemic.

As the COVID-19 pandemic continues its journey around the world, it has triggered a global nursing response, with nurses everywhere working to save the lives of their extremely sick patients. In parallel with the frontline response, the International Council of Nurses, the World Health Authority and the International Confederation of Midwives have used their biennial Triad meetings to set out what needs to be done from a global perspective to protect nurses and the people they serve. At a time of crisis, it is imperative that the world's nursing leaders, through ICN's National Nursing Associations, step up to give support and guidance at this historically unsettling time.

Nursing in the COVID-19 pandemic and beyond: protecting, saving, supporting and honouring nurses.

As the world tackles the largest public health event in more than a century, the COVID-19 pandemic, the true value of nursing is being seen by politicians and the public. But while nurses are being praised for the vital work they do, many are being put into high-risk situations, and some have died, because of a shortage of appropriate, high-quality personal protective equipment. The International Council of Nurses has called for governments to make the provision of such equipment their number one priority to prevent further loss of life among the nurses caring for the world's most vulnerable patients.

[Toward 2020 the International Year of the Nurse and the Midwife: Linking Taiwan Nursing With the World].

To commemorate the 200th birthday of Florence Nightingale, the World Health Organization announced 2020 as the "International Year of the Nurse and the Midwife." Nursing is in the frontline of transformational care. The actions of nurses help bring positive changes to the world. Taiwan cannot stand outside of the global community. The Taiwan Nurses Association is also involved actively in international affairs. The expertise and enthusiasm of Taiwan's nurses may be highlighted by attending and responding to various meetings, conferences, and global nursing events organized by the International Council of Nurses (ICN) such as the Council of National Nursing Association Representatives (CNR), ICN Congress, and Nursing Now campaign. This article shares important information and insights on the 2019 ICN CNR meeting and the ICN Congress to expand the international perspective of nurses and to inspire and explore the future development of the nursing profession in Taiwan.

[Nursing leadership and the International Council of Nurses]. / Le leadership infirmier et le Conseil international des infirmières.

The development of nursing leadership constitutes a key objective for the International Council of Nurses. This international organisation proposes numerous initiatives, notably training actions, in order to obtain positive results in this area.

2020 Vision - The Year of the Nurse and Midwife.

The World Health Organization has designated 2020 as the Year of the Nurse and Midwife. With a predicted shortfall of more than nine million nurses and midwives by 2030, the World Health Organization has recognized the urgency of tackling the approaching workforce issues head on. The activities planned should provide a once in a generation opportunity to promote the nursing profession and address crucial issues, such as recruitment and retention, professional development and pay and conditions. The International Council of Nurses is working closely with its National Nursing Associations around the world and other key nursing and health organizations, to create a long-lasting legacy that will raise the profile of the profession with the public, boost its professional status, and make it sustainable in the future.

International Council of Nurses: putting nurses at the centre of the world's policymaking has benefits for us all.

This year's International Council of Nurses Congress in Singapore was an opportunity for nurses from around the world to discuss and shape policy and practice around the world. The World Health Organization recognises ICN's unique ability to influence its policies, represent nursing and help with the challenges that lie ahead, including a potential shortfall of nine million nurses by 2030. All nurses can get involved in efforts to raise the profile of the profession and attract a new generation who will continue to maintain the high standards expected of registered nurses for decades to come.

[Nurses and inequalities in health across the world]. / Les infirmières et les inégalités de santé dans le monde.

The nursing profession must be actively involved, across the world, in the fight against inequalities in accessing care. The nurse plays a critical role in ensuring that each individual has the right to enjoy the best health possible.

Review of the International Council of Nurses (ICN) Framework of Disaster Nursing Competencies.

The International Council of Nurses (ICN; Geneva, Switzerland) and the World Association for Disaster and Emergency Medicine (WADEM; Madison, Wisconsin USA) joined together in 2014 to review the use of the ICN Framework of Disaster Nursing Competencies. The existing ICN Framework (version 1.10; dated 2009) formed the starting point for this review. The key target audiences for this process were members of the disaster nursing community concerned with pre-service education for professional nursing and the continuing education of practicing professional nurses. To minimize risk in the disaster nursing practice, competencies have been identified as the foundation of evidence-based practice and standard development. A Steering Committee was established by the WADEM Nursing Section to discuss how to initiate a review of the ICN Framework of Disaster Nursing Competencies. The Steering Committee then worked via email to develop a survey to send out to disaster/emergency groups that may have nurse members who work/respond in disasters. Thirty-five invitations were sent out with 20 responses (57%) received. Ninety-five percent of respondents knew of the ICN Framework of Disaster Nursing Competencies, with the majority accessing these competencies via the Internet. The majority of those who responded said that they make use of the ICN Framework of Disaster Nursing Competencies with the most common use being for educational purposes. Education was done at a local, national, and international level. The competencies were held in high esteem and valued by these organizations as the cornerstone of their disaster education, and also were used for the continued professional development of disaster nursing. However, respondents stated that five years on from their development, the competencies also should include the psychosocial elements of nurses caring for themselves and their colleagues. Additionally, further studies should explore if there are other areas related to the disaster nursing practice (in addition to psychosocial concerns) that may be missing or not fully developed. Finally, the authors of this report recommend that future research explore how the ICN Framework of Disaster Nursing Competencies do or do not assist in maintaining best practices in this field and improve outcomes for victims of disaster. Hutton A , Veenema TG , Gebbie K . Review of the International Council of Nurses (ICN) Framework of Disaster Nursing Competencies. Prehosp Disaster Med. 2016;31(6):680-683.

Understanding the use of standardized nursing terminology and classification systems in published research: A case study using the International Classification for Nursing Practice(®).

BACKGROUND: In the era of evidenced based healthcare, nursing is required to demonstrate that care provided by nurses is associated with optimal patient outcomes, and a high degree of quality and safety. The use of standardized nursing terminologies and classification systems are a way that nursing documentation can be leveraged to generate evidence related to nursing practice. Several widely-reported nursing specific terminologies and classifications systems currently exist including the Clinical Care Classification System, International Classification for Nursing Practice(®), Nursing Intervention Classification, Nursing Outcome Classification, Omaha System, Perioperative Nursing Data Set and NANDA International. However, the influence of these systems on demonstrating the value of nursing and the professions' impact on quality, safety and patient outcomes in published research is relatively unknown. PURPOSE: This paper seeks to understand the use of standardized nursing terminology and classification systems in published research, using the International Classification for Nursing Practice(®) as a case study. METHODS: A systematic review of international published empirical studies on, or using, the International Classification for Nursing Practice(®) were completed using Medline and the Cumulative Index for Nursing and Allied Health Literature. RESULTS: Since 2006, 38 studies have been published on the International Classification for Nursing Practice(®). The main objectives of the published studies have been to validate the appropriateness of the classification system for particular care areas or populations, further develop the classification system, or utilize it to support the generation of new nursing knowledge. To date, most studies have focused on the classification system itself, and a lesser number of studies have used the system to generate information about the outcomes of nursing practice. CONCLUSIONS: Based on the published literature that features the International Classification for Nursing Practice, standardized nursing terminology and classification systems appear to be well developed for various populations, settings and to harmonize with other health-related terminology systems. However, the use of the systems to generate new nursing knowledge, and to validate nursing practice is still in its infancy. There is an opportunity now to utilize the well-developed systems in their current state to further what is know about nursing practice, and how best to demonstrate improvements in patient outcomes through nursing care.

Linking Competency with Training Needs: Session Summary on Disaster Studies and Evaluation, Session BO-17.

This section of Prehospital and Disaster Medicine (PDM) presents reports and summaries of the 19th World Congress on Disaster and Emergency Medicine (WCDEM) held in Cape Town, South Africa in April of 2015. Abstracts of Congress oral and poster presentations were published in April 2015 as a supplement to PDM (Volume 30, Supplement 1). Reports and session summaries of the 19th World Congress on Disaster and Emergency Medicine.

Competências da enfermeira para a triagem clínica de doadores de sangue / Competencias de la enfermera para la tamizage clínica de donadores de sangre / Nurse's competencies for clinic screening of blood donors

O objetivo desta pesquisa foi identificar competências da enfermeira para a triagem de doadores de sangue, dentre as preconizadas pelo Conselho Internacional de Enfermagem. Tratpu-se-se de um estudo qualitativo do tipo estudo de caso. Foi realizado no Serviço de Hemoterapia Unidade Banco de Sangue de um hospital universitário da cidade de Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil. Foram observadas 25 entrevistas de cinco enfermeiras que trabalhavam no setor. Para a análise das observações foi utilizada a adequação ao padrão. Foram identificadas seis competências da área prática profissional, ética e legal e onze da área provisão e gerenciamento do cuidado. As competências identificadas neste estudo contribuem para o preparo e prática das enfermeiras generalistas na a realização da triagem clínica de doadores de sangue.

This investigation aimed at identifying nurse's competencies necessary to screen blood donors, from those recommended by the International Council of Nurses. A qualitative, descriptive case study was developed at the Hemotherapy Service blood bank of a teaching hospital in Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil. Twenty Five interviews performed by five nurses hired by the service were observed. For observations analysis standard adequacy was used. Six competencies of the professional, ethics and legal area and eleven from care provision and management were identified. Competencies identified in this study will serve as a basis for practice and to prepare generalist nurses to perform clinic screening of blood donors.

El objetivo de esta investigación fue identificar competencias de la enfermera necesarias para la tamizage de donadores de sangre, dentre las preconizadas por el Consejo Internacional de Enfermería. Es un estudio cualitativo, descriptivo del tipo estudio de caso. Fue desarrollado en el Servicio de Hemoterapia Unidad Banco de Sangre de un Hospital Universitario de Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil. Fueran observadas 25 entrevistas de cinco enfermeras que trabajan en el sector. Para el análisis de las observaciones fue utilizada la adequación al padrón. Fueran identificadas seis competencias del área práctica professional, ética y legal y onze del área provisión y gerenciamiento del cuidado. Las competências identificadas en este estudio servirán para el preparo y práctica de las enfermeras generalistas en la realización de la tamizage clínica de donadores de sangre.

Características de la prescripción por enfermería en la ciudad de Cali, Colombia / Prescription characteristics given by nurses in the city of Cali, Colombia / Características da prescrição por enfermagem na cidade de Cali, na Colômbia

Objetivo. Describir las labores de prescripción de medicamentos que realizaron los profesionales de enfermería en la ciudad deCali (Colombia) durante el año 2008. Metodología. Se realizó una encuesta a 135 enfermeras que laboran en diferentes tipos de servicios asistenciales o administrativos sobre hábitos de formulación, percepciones sobre su formación, capacidades y necesidades para ejercer la prescripción de medicamentos. Resultados. La prescripción de medicamentos es una práctica frecuente en la mayoría de la población encuestada, sin relación con el trabajo que desempeñan, la formación de postgrado o la experiencia laboral. Para ejercer esta labor, los encuestados consideran que necesitan formación en farmacología más que un respaldo legal; sin embargo, no reconocen esta actividad como parte de las funciones de su profesión. La prescripción de medicamentos por enfermeras se presenta en algunos casos como una función de la institución donde laboran. Conclusión. La prescripción de medicamentos es una práctica que se ejerce entre los enfermeros de la ciudad, y de acuerdo con los resultados presentados, requiere un debate académico, legal y gremial para ser considerada entre el que hacer de la profesión.

Objective. To describe the drug prescription duties held by nursing professionals in the city of Cali (Colombia) during the year of 2008. Methodology. A survey was applied to 135 nurses who work in different kinds of healthcare or administrative services about prescription habits, perceptions about their education, abilities and necessities to prescribe drugs. Results. Drug prescription is a frequent practice in most of the surveyed population, unrealeted to the work performed, the postgraduate degree or the job experience. The surveyed consider they need more than a legal support the pharmacological training to prescribe drugs; however they don’t recognize this practice as part of their professional job. Nurses’ drug prescription is sometimes presented as part of their occupation tasks into the institution. Conclusion. Drug prescription is a practice performed by the city nurses and according to the presented results they require an academic, legal, professional debate to be considered between their tasks.

Objetivo. Descrever os labores de prescrição de medicamentos que realizaram os profissionais de enfermgem na cidade de Cali (Colômbia) durante o ano 2008. Metodologia. Realizou-se uma enquete a 135 enfermeirasque laboram em diferentes tipos de serviços assistenciais ou administrativos sobre hábitos de formulação, percepções sobre sua formação, capacidades e necessidades para exercer a prescrição de medicamentos. Resultados. A prescrição de medicamentos é uma prática frequente na maioria da população interrogada, sem relação com o trabalho que desempenham, a formação de pós-graduação ou a experiência trabalhista. Para exercer este labor, os interrogados consideram que precisam formação em farmacologia mais do que um respaldo legal; no entanto, não reconhecem esta atividade como parte das funções de sua profissão. A prescrição de medicamentos por enfermeiras se apresenta em alguns casos como uma função da instituição onde laboram. Conclusão. a prescrição de medicamentos é uma prática que se exerce entre os enfermeiros da cidade, e de acordo com os resultados apresentados, requer um debate acadêmico, legal e do grêmio para ser considerada entre o afazer da profissão.